重症颅脑外伤患者引入以循证为基础的早期营养支持干预的效果分析

目的 探讨重症颅脑外伤患者引入以循证为基础的早期营养支持干预的效果。方法 选择2017年5月-2019年5月本院神经外科收治的重症颅脑外伤患者108例,按随机数字表法分为2组,各54例; 对照组术后行早期常规营养支持干预,观察组术后行以循证为基础的早期营养支持干预; 比较2组肠内营养耐受性、治疗依从性、干预前后NIHSS评分、FMA评分变化及术后并发症发生率。结果 观察组颅脑外伤后第7 d肠内营养最大输注量高于对照组(P<0.05); 观察组治疗依从性优于对照组(P<0.05); 观察组干预后NIHSS评分低于对照组,FMA评分高于对照组(P<0.05); 观察组术后总并发症发生率低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论 重症颅脑外伤患者引入以循证为基础的早期营养支持干预可改善肠内营养耐受性,提高治疗依从性,促进神经功能和运动功能恢复,降低术后并发症发生率。     

口吃共病强迫症的访谈与治疗

本文目的是通过报道病例诊疗过程,呈现口吃共病强迫症的临床诊疗思路及治疗方案的制定。咨客是一位23岁的未婚男性,自幼口吃,在应激和焦虑状态下加重,影响工作和社交。咨客自高中二年级开始时出现反复数钱、反复计算的行为,被诊断为强迫症,予以SSRIs类药物联合第二代抗精神病药物治疗,强迫思维和强迫行为得到改善,但出现嗜睡、情绪烦躁等,减少思瑞康剂量后,出现失眠,焦虑加重影响口吃,伴有心慌、紧张、进食后腹泻等。咨客被诊断为口吃共病强迫症,建议采用生物-心理-社会综合干预方法,通过积极运动缓解压力,继续服用百忧解,降低思瑞康剂量,减轻嗜睡,予以β-受体阻断剂普萘洛尔弥补思瑞康减量带来的焦虑。心理治疗推荐认知行为治疗和正念减压;社会学方面,继续从事会计等人际交往较少的工作。     

行为-结构化-关系干预模式对短期住院孤独症谱系障碍儿童的疗效分析

目的 探讨以行为-结构化-关系(BSR)干预模式对短期住院孤独症谱系障碍(ASD)儿童的干预疗效,为改善ASD儿童的预后提供参考依据。方法 选取2015年12月－2016年12月确诊为ASD的2~6岁儿童141例,随机分为治疗组和对照组。治疗组ASD儿童均接受BSR模式的短期课程训练,训练课程包括个别辅导、游戏课、运动课、音乐课等,每天训练时间6 h,持续1个月;对照组ASD儿童处于干预等待,接受随访观察和评估。所有ASD儿童干预前、后均接受儿童心理教育评估(第三版)(PEP-3)来进行各方面能力变化的评估。结果 治疗组、对照组干预前各副测验的原积分差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。两组ASD儿童干预后认知、语言理解、模仿、情感表达、社会互动、行为特征-非语言、适应行为的原积分比较,差异均有统计学意义(t=2.41、2.02、4.14、3.69、4.42、2.69、2.96,P<0.05);但小肌肉、大肌肉、自理的原积分比较,差异无统计学意义(t=-1.13、-1.05、-0.84,P>0.05)。结论 BSR干预模式能够有效改善短期住院ASD儿童的预后,可推广用于儿童ASD的治疗。     

Care,agency and criminality: Making sense of authorised extended distribution in the accounts of key stakeholders

IntroductionOne of the current harm reduction debates in Australia concerns the legalisation of the extended distribution of sterile needles and syringes, a practice that is currently unlawful in most Australian settings.MethodsWe used data from a unique pilot program of authorised extended distribution to document the opinions held by 22 key stakeholders -service staff, drug users and police - about the risks and benefits of authorisation, and to analyse the ways in which drug users were understood within these.ResultsOpinions were strongly in favour of authorising extended distribution, based on the belief that this would reduce the transmission of hepatitis C. However, stakeholders also identified that distributors risked attention from police and some noted that the consequences of this would be borne by distributors themselves and not the services that support them. These opinions rested on specific assumptions about people who inject, some of which reflect negative constructions of drug users as a source of danger to the public or as helpless ‘addicts’ with little control over their risk reduction. But there were other representations that positioned drug users more positively as responsible agents with a strong duty of care to themselves and others whose choices are often limited by inadequate service structures. Staff participants drew on these understandings in careful and strategic ways, arguing for the rationality and expertise of drug users, while also problematizing the individualised approach that any form of authorised extended distribution might take.ConclusionWe argue that localised and incremental changes such as those that took place to support this pilot project, and the extensive support for extended distribution among stakeholders in this study including police, creates meaningful opportunities to think about extended distribution differently, which can in turn support conditions for future discussions about legislative change.     

Cardiovascular events associated with nicorandil administration prior to primary percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with acute ST-segment elevated myocardial infarction: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Introduction: Nicorandil may exert cardioprotective effects in ischemic heart disease. However, its efficacy in combination with early reperfusion is uncertain. The authors performed a meta-analysis of the short- and long-term clinical outcomes of nicorandil administration at the time of primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in patients with ST-elevated myocardial infarction (STEMI).

Methods: PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, and the Cochrane Library databases were systematically searched for eligible randomized controlled studies. The primary endpoint was major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), both in-hospital and post-discharge. The secondary endpoint was the incidence of no-reflow phenomenon.

Results: Ten studies were included (n = 1105). Mean patient age was 63.0 ± 10.0 years; 76.6% of patients were male. Compared with controls who received primary PCI, combined nicorandil/primary PCI significantly reduced in-hospital MACE (pooled odds ratio [OR] 0.16; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.09–0.27), follow-up MACE (pooled OR 0.53; 95% CI 0.37–0.75), and total MACE (pooled OR 0.27; 95% CI 0.15–0.49). The combined treatment also reduced the incidence of no-reflow phenomenon (pooled OR 0.34; 95% CI 0.23–0.50).

Conclusion: Nicorandil administration at the time of primary PCI is associated with reduced MACE (both short- and long-term) and no-reflow phenomenon in patients with STEMI.     

放射介入治疗子宫肌瘤的疗效分析

目的探讨放射介入治疗子宫肌瘤的临床治疗作用。方法选择2017年4月～2018年2月我院收治的子宫肌瘤患者100例,随机分为两组,各50例,常规保守组采取常规药物治疗,放射介入组则采取放射介入治疗。比较两组疾病疗效、子宫肌瘤缩小时间、患者自觉体征好转时间、治疗前后患者各项生活质量评分、不良反应。结果放射介入组疾病疗效、子宫肌瘤缩小时间、患者自觉体征好转时间、各项生活质量评分均优于常规保守组(P0.05)。放射介入组和常规保守组不良反应发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论放射介入治疗子宫肌瘤效果确切,具有疗效高、治疗时间短、可更好改善患者生活质量的优点,值得推广应用。     

Intervention to Increase Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Initiation Rates in Adolescent Males

The objective of this quality improvement project was to increase human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine initiation rates among males aged 11 to 21 years old. A multipronged strategy was implemented at a pediatric practice, including an electronic medical record prompt, educational presentation, and monthly e-mail updates to providers. Deidentified HPV vaccine initiation rate data were collected, and a paired 2-sample t test evaluated differences in prepost vaccine initiation rates. HPV vaccine initiation rates increased by 6.5% during the project period. The medical record prompt was identified as most effective by 75% of participating providers. Small gains can be made to improve HPV vaccine initiation rates among adolescent males.